|  |  | Overview
Now that you have seen what happens to data packets as they travel through the presentation layer, its time to look at the last layer in which data packets travel through before reaching its final destination. The last layer or Layer 7 of the OSI model is referred to the application layer. The application layer is the closest to you as an end-user, when you are interacting with software applications, such as sending and receiving e-mail over a network. In this chapter, you will see how the application layer deals with data packets from client-server applications, domain name services, and network applications. Additionally, in order to gain a better understanding of the functions of the application layer, you will see what happens to data packets by examining examples of the following network applications: Client-Server Redirectors Domain Name System E-mail Telnet FTP HTTP